UNIT 1 Essay

UNIT 1 Essay UNIT 1 Essay UNIT 1 Conner Le Vaast Assignment Local Community. UNIT 1: INVESTIGATING SCIENCE AT WORK: TASK 1 Outline of Varying Research Methods. The exploration techniques that I decided to utilize, would be the Internet, utilizing contact through E-mail, bantering via telephone, verbal exchange and utilizing the telephone directory. I saw these exploration techniques as oversimplified, simple to oversee, and experience, as they are for the most part proficient, simple to access and use on a fundamental day by day life, the web being broadly accessible these days and a quick, simple strategy for social occasion data on the numerous logical organizations in my general vicinity. The web is anything but difficult to access, and simpler to discover data on differing organizations in the neighborhood, to explore the basic responses to the inquiries when all is said in done that I have to approach all together for this undertaking. Email being comparably simple to get to, having similar favorable circumstances yet in addition having rather enormous detriments as email requires the beneficiary to be there, to answer and give you the data that you are craving. Verbally bantering via telephone, requires both you and the individual you are wishing to converse with, to be there consistently, however the data you are accepting can be recorded and make track of, for sometime later, this likewise having the two favorable circumstances, and obvious disservices, because of conceivable poor association. Verbal, is frequently the most remunerating way of getting data, as you are genuinely there, conversing with an individual that either claims, or maintains the business, and can get the data straight up, ready to note it down as you feel the need, for use later on and as I would like to think, is perhaps off guard, as you have to guarantee you are there at a reasonable time or day, as a significant number organizations are not open all things considered occasions. At last, utilizing a telephone directory is regularly convenient, however you can't get the data you need legitimately, without utilizing another type of correspondence, this most probable being the phone, for this situation specifically. To finish up, these techniques for get-together data have their own focal points and burdens, and you can blend these, to limit the disservices while gathering the information you need. Assessment of Research Methods. Business and what I received in return: Shred-it: From this business, I took in the fundamental procedures of destroying and annihilating paper squander and the significance of this in the working scene, just as the essential business and the board capabilities required to work there. Future Cleaning Services ltd: This is a business that bargains in business cleaning and the removal of items in the vaying logical habits that they experience just as shared region cleaning and upkeep, managing cleaning material and supplies likewise, this requiring essential logical capabilities to viably work around here. Morley Chinese Acupuncture and Herbs: This business manages Muscular and neurological facility, skin issues (moles, vitiligo and urticarial) center, barrenness facility and other comparable medicines, this requiring some fundamental and propelled capabilities to work in, because of the idea of the work here. Spectrographic ltd: This is a business/administration that manages metallographic items and gear for material science examination and quality investigation strategies, just as pro guidance in material example recognition, PC based picture examination and minuscule assessment, this clearly requiring rather propelled capabilities to work in, these for the most part waiting be logical. Across the nation research centers ltd: These are autonomous veternity research centers committed to the improvement of creature wellbeing through direct help of veternity rehearses in the UK and worldwide throughout the previous 30 years, these requiring explicit veternity capabilities to work in , because of the idea of the administration. The plastic craftsmanship co ltd: This business bargains in print completing arrangements: The studies of print

Bespoke

Bespoke Bespoke Bespoke By Maeve Maddox A peruser has requested a conversation of the word bespoke: I continue perusing it in articles, and at any rate a fraction of the time I see it I wind up finding it since it just doesn’t appear to be right to me. Bespoke is a descriptive word that originates from the obsolete English action word bespeak. One of the implications of the prefix be-is â€Å"about.† When closefisted Samuel Pepys fears that a man needs him to be his son’s godfatheran respect that would require some expense of cashhe says, [The man] who I dreaded came to bespeak me to be guardian to his child. That is, â€Å"who he dreaded had come to address him about the possibility of his standing godfather.† In early utilization bespeak could likewise mean â€Å"to talk out,† â€Å"to ask for,† â€Å"to tell about,† and â€Å"to predict,† just as the implying that has made due in the bespoke of the reader’s question: â€Å"to connect heretofore; to arrange goods.† Bespoke and bespoken are past types of bespeak. For instance, Another arrangement of chains was bespoke. (Another arrangement of chains was requested.) She had organized or bespoken to have him executed. (She had discussed a hit.) In its present use as a descriptive word, bespoke alludes to uniquely crafted products rather than merchandise that are instant. The descriptive word can likewise allude to an individual who gives such merchandise, (e.g., â€Å"a bespoke tailor†). In England the articulation â€Å"bespoke suit† is a typical method of alluding to a customized suit. With regards to prominent utilization, bespoke appears to have something to do with the wants of pleasure seekers who don’t recognize how to manage their cash. Watchmakers look to bespoke structure to court the super-rich: We will offer a bespoke assistance where the client has a state on everything: the material, the case, the dial, the hands, said Thierry Andretta, leader of the firm where costs for specially crafted watches start at 100,000 Swiss francs ($113,000). Gourmet eating, private flights, bespoke safaris, thinning centers and workmanship barters rising as top superficial points of interest The Privileged World City: Private Banking, Wealth Management and the Bespoke Servicing of the Global Super-Rich American speakers of less unrestrained methods and tastes are bound to allude to the things they uncommon request as â€Å"custom-made.† Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Expressions classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)The Possessive ApostropheParticular versus Explicit

What to Expect During an IEP Meeting

What to Expect During an IEP Meeting ADHD School Print IEP Meetings for Your Child in Special Education By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Updated on November 24, 2019 Hill Street Studios/Blend Images/Getty Images More in ADHD School Diagnosis Treatment Symptoms Adult ADD/ADHD Living With ADD/ADHD Parenting Once it is determined that a child is eligible for special education services, an Individualized Educational Program (IEP) must be put in place. At an IEP meeting, the decisions regarding special education and related services are made so that an individualized educational plan can be created. What Is an IEP? The IEP is a legal document that is developed by your childs educational team based on the decisions made at the IEP meeting. It documents the services needed to meet a child’s individual learning needs and describes how and where these services will be delivered. The plan will present information about your child’s present level of educational performance and will include specific, measurable annual goals your child is expected to accomplish within the year. It will also include short-term objectives to be achieved at various points during the year on the way to making progress towards the annual goals. Your childs school is required to provide each of the services and modifications or accommodations outlined in the IEP plan. Once the IEP is written, the IEP team will meet at least once a year to review progress and determine if adjustments need to be made, though it often helps to meet more frequently to review and revise the plan depending on the child’s progress. The IEP Team The following people must be invited to attend the meeting: the childs parents or legal guardian, the child him or herself if over age 14, the childs regular education teacher, a special education teacher, a school system representative, a professional who can interpret the evaluation data, and any other people with knowledge or special expertise about your child. This group of people will make up your child’s IEP team. It is most beneficial when all team members work together in a collaborative way to carry out a student’s educational plan. If you have any questions or concerns at all, don’t hesitate to bring them up during the meeting. You are an integral part of your child’s educational team. You, as the parent, truly know your child best. Your insights regarding your childâ€"his needs and strengthsâ€"are valuable and your role on the team is an essential one, so don’t be afraid to speak up and share your thoughts, ideas, and questions openly. The First Meeting Coming into the meeting, it is helpful if you prepare a list of your concerns and the main goals you have for your child during this academic year. Identify the specific areas in which your child is struggling. What are the skills you’d like to see improve? Jot down any questions you want to be resolved in the meeting. Think about how you’d like to set up regular contacts with your child’s teacher or other appropriate school staff. You may even want to request that the team meet again in two months time to review how things are going. A Word From Verywell The first IEP meeting can be an overwhelming time for any parent. There is so much new information to take in as you begin to learn more and more about special education services and how they can best benefit your child. Parent permission is needed in order for the IEP to be put into effect. If you are unsure about the plan or just want to have more time to consider it, it is perfectly fine to take it home to review and sign later. Once you feel good about and have approved of the plan, special education services can be put in place for your child.

Ethics in Cosmetic Surgery - 1367 Words

Every year more and more people around the world are choosing to have cosmetic surgery. It seems to be an easy fix to problems that people perceive, even if the problems are natural, like breast size. In a sociological study done in the UK, the author found that â€Å"[T]o have breast implants requires a major medical procedure, but they are sold as a fashion accessory and the procedure is framed as a beauty treatment rather than an operation by those who sell it† (Taylor). While many cosmetic surgeries are fairly simple procedures, there is very little benefit to outweigh the extreme risks, and many doctors are more interested in making money than fully explaining all of the risks to their patients. Many patients would be better helped by†¦show more content†¦In the case of breast augmentation, part of treating an infection means removing the implants (Ho-Asjoe). Not only would the patient be sick from the infection, but they would not even have anything to show for it. According to the study done by Doctors Yoho, Romaine, and O’Neil, the occurrence of infection after liposuction is as low as 1 in 107, with 1 in 70,892 resulting in death (Yoho et al 738). They also provide information from a Dutch study, where half of 107 male patients who had undergone abdominoplasty suffered from some sort of wound infection (Yoho et al 739). Many cosmetic surgeries are targeted at older patients, who are much more likely to get an infection than younger patients. Because the patients are older, they are more likely to also have other health problems, such as diabetes. This also raises their risk factor for infection (Surgical Site Infections). While infections do not tend to be deadly, there is always the possibility of something serious happening. The most dangerous risk of infection is sepsis. This usually occurs in the hospital, after the surgery. The patient would start out with just a fever and redness around the wound site, then if antibiotics a re not administered quickly enough, or if the infection is resistant, the infection can progress and begin to shut down organs, leading to death (Sepsis). In order to help prevent infection, doctors must make sure that the patient is in good health and able to keepShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Cosmetic Surgery1264 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ethics of Cosmetic Surgery Cosmetic surgery, a type of elective surgery undertaken to alter a person’s appearance for reasons beyond injury, illness, or disease, has become increasingly pervasive in society in the past few decades despite sparking controversial debates. (Coleman, 171) While reconstructive surgery is condoned, cosmetic surgery occupies a gray area where physicians â€Å"dedicated to saving lives, healing, and promoting health† perform â€Å"invasive surgical operations on healthy bodiesRead MorePlastic Surgery Ethics Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesPlastic surgery is a rapidly evolving field spread around the world. Plastic surgery deals with human appearance and is becoming a more profitable business throughout the years. It is divided into two sections, reconstructive and cosmetic surgery. An ethical dilemma that corresponds to plastic surgery is the loss of human values patients encounter once they undergo surgery. Also, individuals that depend on cosmetic surgery detract fro m patients that are in urgent need of these procedures. The replacementRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Medical Medicine1236 Words   |  5 Pages Cosmetic Surgery Alexis Thomas AHS 128 – Health Sciences Intro Professor Sloan Midlands Technical College - Airport COSMETIC SURGERY 2 Abstract Over recent years, there has been a rising trend in the demand for cosmetic surgeries. These procedures are typically carried out to change, improve, or enhance ones appearance. Cosmetic surgery, also called plastic surgery dates backRead MoreThe, Beauty, And Beauty1573 Words   |  7 Pageslooks like. But, is remarkably debated and should be abnegated from preponderant cases: The craft of plastic surgery. In a candid notion, plastic surgery can be delineated as, a procedure of rejuvenating or refurbishing distinctive segments of the body by delegating tissues either in the treatment of a laceration or for cosmetic dialectics. Cosmetic surgery is an element of plastic surgery that alters and revamps a personage’s appearance to make them glean an augmented look. People of every race andRead MoreEssay on Cosmetic Surgery and the Mask of Aging in Western Society988 Words   |  4 PagesCosmetic Surgery and the Mask of Aging in Western Society Grogan, Sarah (1999) Body Image: understanding body dissatisdaction in men, women and children. London and New York: Routledge 2 4 25 41 48 49-52 57 68 151 152 191 Body Image: The picture of our own body which we form in our mind, that is to say, the way in which our body appears to ourselves. (Schilder, 1950: 11) * (25) Slimness is seen as a desirable attribute for women in prosperous westernRead MoreEssay on Plastic Surgery for Teenagers953 Words   |  4 PagesPlastic Surgery is a controversial topic nowadays. Some men and women believe that plastic surgery is a great chance to have finally the body, face, and even romantic life always dreamed about. In the U.S. the plastic surgery television shows have made these ideas more popular and common than ever. Some men and women have other reasons for want plastic surgery Such as people who want plastic surgery have disfigurements to the face or body because of birth defects or genetic problems. The rise inRead MoreCosmetic surgery is a globally well-known term, which is undertaken to alter and enhance human1000 Words   |  4 PagesCosmetic surgery is a globally well-known term, which is undertaken to alter and enhance human self-imageand esteem.Cosmetic surgery is different from all other forms of surgeries and is a treatment for â€Å"want† rather than for â€Å"need†. Along with g aining popularity due to social obsession, it also creates health risks due to invasive surgery. This essay will argue for government control of cosmetic surgery in the areas of advertisement, medical malpractices and human welfare. Media advertising industryRead MorePlastic Surgery And Its Effect On Society1169 Words   |  5 Pagesadvertisements and the ideal beautiful portray. Many people feel that the only way to achieve such looks is through the process of plastic surgery, women especially. Women feel an immense amount of pressure to achieve a certain look to be considered beautiful. Plastic surgery is a cosmetic procedure in which in helps to alter the appearance and functions of the body. Over the cosmetic procedures have become a norm and many people see it as a necessity in order for them to love themselves. These standards of beautyRead MoreThe Body Is The Most Holistic Reflection Of Oneself, It Is Raw, Conspicuous And Present Essay1203 Words   |  5 PagesFurther, the introduction of enhancement technologies have revolutionised how the body functions within society; Ethnographies such as, The Poor Have the Right To Be Beautiful : Cosmetic Surgery in Neoliberal Brazil’ Alexander Edmonds an d ‘Medicalization of Racial Features: Asian American Women and Cosmetic Surgery’ Eugenia Kaw explore the interplay of technology and modernity with how one not only presents, but perceives their body. Both ethnographers explore the meaning of body modificationsRead MoreSociety s Outlook On Plastic Surgery963 Words   |  4 Pagesplastic surgery has changed throughout the years; it has become something so common that it is no longer looked down upon on. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons â€Å"15.6 million cosmetic procedures, including both minimally-invasive and surgical, were performed in the United States in 2014, an increase of 3 percent since 2013.† and the rates continue to expand as the years go by. There are so many more surgical procedures that can be done compared to when plastic surgeries began back

Aversion Therapy Essays - 663 Words

Sigfried McGee PSY331: Psychology of Learning Nina Dulabaum Community Treatment Programs May, 2013 â€Å"The aversion therapy is considered a type of psychological treatment, where patients will be exposed to different types of stimulus and at the same time it will experience some type of discomfort (Lieberman, 2012).†This treatment is based on the principles of classical conditioning; using classical conditioning to get rid of addictions or unwanted behaviours. Patient’s unwanted addiction is paired with a drug that makes them sick. â€Å"Aversion therapy can be used with alcoholics. Alcohol is paired with an emetic drug (a drug which causes nausea and vomiting). Over time the alcoholic associate’s alcohol with being sick and does not†¦show more content†¦In some instances, the client may return to previous patterns of behavior once they are out of treatment and no longer exposed to the deterrent (Cherry).† Aversion therapy uses the behavioral approach principles that new behavior can be learnt in order to overcome addictions, obsession. Because everyone responds differently to alcohol abuse treatment, no single type of treatment is guaranteed to be effective for everyone. Alcohol abuse aversion treatment is a means of helping the addict to not want to use alcohol because they have learned how to associate negative experiences with the use of alcohol. Certain medications can also be used to cause such negative effects making aversion therapy even more effective. This particular behavioral therapy works on the principle that all behavior is learned. It follows, then, that if all behavior is learned then it can be unlearned. Some clinicians have reported that patients undergoing aversive treatment utilizing electric shocks have experienced increased anxiety and anxiety-related symptoms that may interfere with the conditioning process as well as lead to decreased acceptance of the treatment. Few clinicians have reported a worrisome increase in hostility among patients receiving aversion therapy, especially those undergoing treatment using chemical aversants. Although aversion therapy has someShow MoreRelatedTaste Aversion Therapy1038 Words   |  4 PagesTaste aversion therapy is where an aversive stimulus is associated with an unwanted behaviour to therefore extinguish it. One of its primary principles is that all types of behaviour is learned and therefore any undesirable behaviour can be unlearned, with the appropriate method (Aversion Therapy, 2014). The experiment produced by Dale S. Cannon, Antonio Gino, Timothy B. Baker and Peter E. Nathan (1986), evaluated the relationship between the strength o f the taste aversion and the abstinence rateRead MoreThe Effects Of Aversion Therapy On A Person s Behavior1335 Words   |  6 PagesHomosexuality is when a person is sexually, emotionally or romantically attracted to the same sex. For a long time it was seen as a sin, but then society started to perceive it as a mental illness that could be cured. This cure was called Aversion therapy. Aversion Therapy is a form of psychological treatment that modifies a person’s behaviour. It involves forcing discomfort on a person when they are doing an unwanted behaviour goal is to make the individual associate the stimulus with unlikable or painfulRead MoreAversion Therapy Is A Method Of Treatment Used For Treat, Decrease, And Evidentially2897 Words   |  12 Pages AVERSION THERAPY Chad Rowe Mississippi College Child Abuse Investigation AJU432 AO/OL Pamela Spence July 2, 2015 Abstract Aversion Therapy is a method of treatment used to treat, decrease, and evidentially try to eliminate intolerable behaviors. This form of treatment has been used to treat many different addictions and ailments. There are multiple methods used in Aversion Therapy treatment. The study of Aversion TherapyRead MoreIs A Phobia Is An Anxiety Disorder?863 Words   |  4 Pagesremains as the conditioned response. In the case of the food association, a classically conditioned dislike for (and avoidance of) a particular food can develop when becoming ill after eating a certain food. This phenomenon is called developing a taste aversion. Naturally, the brain associates the food with becoming sick, so the body avoids the food in hopes to bypass the sickness. In one example, a patient who consumes a strawberry before undergoing a chemotherapy treatment has their body identify theRead MoreClassical Conditioning1770 Words   |  8 Pagesradiation therapy to kill cancer cells this theory is proven. There are two very unfortunate side effects of these types of treatment; first, the treatments make the patients ill and second they gradually make the patient anorexic. The patient develops a food aversion slowly over the course of the therapy. Doctors have yet to understand why this happens when often the aversion is developed towards foods that are long time favorites of the patients. This is referred to as conditioned taste aversion (GarciaRead MoreThe Occupation Of Gardening And Its Therapeutic Benefits For Children5855 Words   |  24 Pagesgardening, and its fulfilment of a human need, date back to 1500bc where archaeologists discovered ancient paintings of opulent gardens by the Egyptians (Cellauro 2015). Recognition of the benefits of g ardening as a therapeutic tool in occupational therapy date back to Hartwell (1933). It provides opportunities for social inclusion which is a central component in well-being (Grabbe et al 2013). As healthcare has developed over the last few hundred years so has the understanding that gardening is therapeuticRead MoreAutism Between Autism And Autism2229 Words   |  9 Pagesinitiating conversation, as well as impaired language or lack of a spoken language altogether. Children with autism also exhibit repetitive behaviors, such as hand flapping and rocking back and forth (Ockelford, 2013). Other common traits include an aversion to changes in routine and self-stimulation. Self-stimulation includes many of the repetitive behaviors seen in children with autism, as well as toe-walking, making unusual noises, and repeating words (Woliver, 2008). In understanding each of theseRead MoreAmaxophobia: Definition and Symptoms1141 Words   |  5 PagesGreek (meaning fear).2 Amaxophobia is a persistent, abnormal, and unwarranted fear of walking, despite conscious understanding by the phobic individual and reassurance by others that there is no danger. An extreme unwarranted fear and/ or physical aversion to walking.3 Causes: It is generally accepted that phobias arise from a combination of external events (traumatic events) and internal predisposition (heredity or genetic). Many specific phobias can be traced back to a specific triggering eventRead MoreSex Offenders1410 Words   |  6 Pagesproviders recognized that sex offenders evidenced had a high prevalence of cognitive distortions, or thought processes that allowed the offenders to neutralize their feelings of guilt and shame (Abel, 1989). No matter what setting that cognitive therapy is used in, its purpose is to focus on the way an individual thinks and to change any type of â€Å"thinking errors†. For our purposes, cognitive treatment is used in the correctional and community setting to help offenders think rationally and responsiblyRead MoreCase Review : Alcohol Use Disorder, Severe1847 Words   |  8 Pagesfactors that make up Dan’s individual and unique personal experience, an individualized and integrated therapeutic approach would be most beneficial. Utilizing motivational interviewing techniques, solutions-focused therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, as well as narrative therapy, while an eclectic mix of options, can all be utilized to form a cohesive treatment model that would enhance Dan’s chances for success. While Dan clearly recognizes the need for change, and has drawn connections between

Causes and Effects of Poverty Free Essays

Causes and Effects of Poverty In the U. S. , there have been statistics that show that 15 to 25% of the population is living in poverty. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes and Effects of Poverty or any similar topic only for you Order Now Poverty is known as not being able to provide bare minimum requirements to survive, such as food and shelter. There are many causes that associate with poverty, that could include unemployment rates or people believe that some people are just lazy. The effects of poverty can be substantial. It effects people’s health, environment, and causes deprivations. The unemployment rate is still high today, which means there are people who still live in poverty. Some people are not just lazy; it just seems that it is difficult to find employment right now. Many people that are in poverty are because they did not continue their education after high school and many jobs are requiring degrees. Another reason some people are in poverty, is because they made mistakes in their past and when they try to make their life right they have difficulty finding employment. There are many reasons for poverty, but most of the causes are the unemployment rate. An effect of poverty is malnutrition. Malnutrition during infancy and childhood years can cause many great complications with development. Many children that suffer from malnutrition could have poor immune systems, developmental problems with their nervous system, or even brain damage. Compared to children that are not poor, children in poverty are two to three times more likely to have some sort of mental or physical disability from malnutrition. Children who grow up in poverty are also usually unlikely to finish their education. Many children in poverty are about 75 percent less likely to graduate high school than a child that is not poor. Even if a child that grows up in poverty does graduate high school, they are less likely to continue their education with college. As a matter of fact, less than four percent of children in the lowest quartile of family’s income do not graduate college. In today’s world education is important. Many jobs today will not hire people without an education or even without a college degree. All in all, poverty is a big issue. It has been for a long time, just maybe one day the government will help fix the issue. It is not fair for all the children that live in poverty to suffer because their parents work so hard just to make ends meet. Education is the key to success these days, and we should all make sure our children are aware of that at a young age. Works Cited Chitranshi, Mansi. â€Å"Cause and Effects of Poverty. † Articles Wave (2009). Hill, Lewis E. â€Å"The Institutional Economics of Poverty: An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of Poverty. † Journal of Economic Issues (1998): 279-285. Hunt, Matthew O. The Individual, Society, or Both? A Comparison of Black, Latino, and White Beliefs about the Causes of Poverty. September 1996. Lamson, John. â€Å"Exploring the Ecology of Poverty. † Human Ecology (2009): 4-9. How to cite Causes and Effects of Poverty, Essay examples

Replication Crisis in Social Psychology-Samples for Students

Question: Is There a Replication Crisis in Social Psychology? Answer: Introduction Replication is the practice of repeating of research studies in different situations and subject respondents in order to determine the validity of the study. This is a general practice in research carried out in all disciplines. For the research to be deemed authentic, it is expected that the findings remain the same both in the original research and the replicated version. Recent findings in discrepancy in replicated research findings in social psychology have raised concern. This essay will examine if the levels of discrepancy amount to a crisis of replication in the field of social psychology. Analysis Social psychology is the branch of psychology that deals with human conduct in relation to others. Whereas psychology studies the individual and his/her internal attitudes and motivations, social psychology examines how these personal attributes affect an individuals interaction with others in society. This discipline, like other human sciences, deals with human beings and attempts to study the predictability of human nature (Smith et al, 2014). This in itself is complex because human beings behave differently when in a group as opposed to the behavior they depict when they are alone. Social psychology is an amalgam between sociology and psychology; they both study the context of an individual in the context of society. However, the focus of psychology in this regard is the individual whereas sociology mostly focuses on the society (Smith J A, 2015). In a study carried out by Brian Nosek and the Open Science Collaboration, they found out that out of replications of one hundred correlation and experimental studies published in three psychological journals, only 36% were successful (Anderson et al, 2016). They also found out that social psychology findings were less likely to replicate than those of cognitive psychology by half. These and other findings have sparked a worldwide debate as to whether there is a replication crisis in social psychology. This begs the question as to how thorough the researchers are in their study and whether they sufficiently test their tools of research. Research can be faulted either on the authenticity of the research tools and methodologies used or the skill and experience of the researcher (Tailor et al, 2015). Given that these findings were published in recognized journals, it is likely that they were carried out with tried and tested tools and techniques. The failure to replicate might have arise n due to the failure of the researchers to be thorough in their study. Where research is funded, researchers may be swayed by the monetary incentives to complete their research and may, as a result, rush through the process thereby failing to capture happenings that may alter the result of the study (Sorlie et al, 2015). In many countries, the research budget is mostly strained especially where the concerned authorities do not foresee immediate benefit arising from research. For this reason, researchers mostly work on a limited budget and may not afford to do pilot studies which are vital in testing both the research tools and the study population (Denscombe 2015). Failing on these vital steps definitely interferes with the validity of the results achieved. It is noteworthy that the discourse on replication in social psychology has attracted more public attention as opposed to subjects in other fields like biology or economics. In comparison, it has been proven that aspects of validity and reliability have been the pre-occupation of social psychology for comparatively longer periods (Maxwell et al, 2015). This makes research in this field more sophisticated. The attention it attracts from the general public is therefore expected to be more prominent in comparison to other disciplines (Parker et al, 2015). The research designs in the field of psychology have been tested and used for many years and this gives the regular researcher confidence that the tools are perfect. This presumption is likely to blind the researcher from adherence the required procedures and hence overlook faults in the research that may lead to inaccurate results. Contrary to replication debates that have dominated other fields, social psychology replication discourse has roped in such stalwarts in the field like Susan Flake, John Bargh and Carol Dweck among others. The general feeling that the crisis in this field is dire is thus strengthened by the participation of these scholars. Even in the infant stages of psychology, Popper and Freud had sharp contradictions concerning Freuds falsifiable theory. That spirit of open debate persists even today. Psychological research in any of its sub-branches attracts a lot of attention and public debate (Abelson et al, 2014). Even in the media today we have a host of talk shows that host psychologists that debate various issues that affect society. Human conduct in religion politics, business and career among other facets of human life is bound to interest various players in society. It is therefore obvious that faults and discrepancies that appear in its research will generate more debate than any other field in society. The study of social psychology is therefore quite linked to human nature and obviously whatever is published in this regard enjoys curiosity and suffers public scrutiny. Any study that involves human nature can never claim to have 100% replication. This is because human nature is dynamic and keeps changing as newer interests and motivations confront humanity. The study of social psychology is even more interesting in the sense that it studies the role of institutions in society in relation to the behavior of the individual (Sheriff M., 2015). The forces of globalization and modernity have transformed the role of societal institutions radically that studies that conclusions arrived at must be subjected to further scrutiny with the passage of time (McDougall, 2015). The family institution, which is the most important social institution, has drastically changed in its function and structure today. Whereas family has traditionally played the role of socialization and basic education of an individual, today families are increasingly becoming nuclear and their traditional roles have been taken over by the school and media outlets like facebook and the inte rnet in general. This makes the study of the individual in the context of society more complex. An ordinary individual in society is bombarded by more varied forces that span geographical boundaries across the globe. The individual of yester-year had not to worry about such global forces because his life was confined to the extended family which mostly inhabited a common geographical location. It is also important to note that the researchers are also more likely to succumb to the forces of bias when studying fellow human beings. It is not far-fetched to imagine that a researcher may want to achieve a certain response in research to reinforce his preconceived stereotype about people. Although other researchers too are vulnerable to the evils of bias, a social psychologist faces double tragedy of dealing with the bias of both his subject of study and his own. For this reason, the findings of research may not pass the test of replication. These observations point out to the challenges that researchers in the field of psychology generally face either unintended or deliberately. The pressure, especially among young scholars to Publish or perish partly contributes to this crisis. There is need to rethink the aspect of replication and investigate whether the initial findings were faulty or the repeat findings. There is an inherent assumption that when a research is repeated, more thoroughness is exercised in both the research design and the tools employed. However, overconfident budding researchers may ruin authentic findings generated by their fore-runners in an attempt to gain prominence in academia (Smeyers et al, 2014). Critics must examine both the findings with a sober eye so as to gain a more balanced understanding of the situation at hand. In 1998, researchers reported that people were much happier when they held a pen with their teeth. This was depicted when they watched cartoons; they found the cartoons funnier when the pens with their teeth as opposed to them holding it with their lips. The import of this is that the forced smile on the mouth perhaps sent signals to the brain and thereby stimulated hormones of happiness. The article of this research was cited nearly 1500 times according to Google Scholar statistics (Brockmann, et al, 2013). However, repeat experiments involving seventeen labs that were independent in which over two thousand participants took part found out that there was no relationship between the position of the mouth and the state of happiness. The lead author of the original research expressed shock at the findings and raised pertinent concerns including the fact that the participants were filmed during the repeat exercise and their consciousness in being examined may have interfered with their emotions and by extension, the research findings. Such is the volatility of carrying out social research; so many factors affect the final results of the research done. There have also been concerns about the selection process involved in identifying the experiments to be replicated. So far there has not been record of proper random selection process while selecting cases. With the absence of such information, there have arisen fears that the choice of replicated cases was strongly biased against those researches that the involved people thought to least likely to pass the test (Cook, 2014). This thinking even complicates matters and spreads the notion that social psychology research findings cannot be fully trusted. Psychology students and young professionals getting into psychological research are likely to have their morale lowered by these sentiments. Professionals in this field need to take deliberate public education regarding the special circumstances that a social psychological researcher has to work under so that the public at large can appreciate the benefits such scholars bring in our social milieu. Such campaigns could help prospective researchers in this field to increase their efforts at refining their research designs and tools to arrive at findings that are appreciative of the volatile nature of this discipline (Jenkins, 2014). The ongoing discussion does not imply that it is difficult to achieve replication in social psychology. The infamous Milgram experiment that concluded that participants were so loyal to authority that they were willing to electrocute an innocent person on being given orders was replicated a century later. This was despite the research taking place in different contexts of history and participants. First conducted in the early 60s based on the conduct of Nazi underlings, it was repeated in a different context and surprisingly yielded the same results (Begue L., et al, 2015) This proves that social psychological research can be scientific regardless of time lag and contexts. However, it is possible that scholars trying to reproduce the Milgram experiment would achieve different results today. However, the dynamic nature of human beings, which is the subject of all research in social psychology, should not be an excuse for shoddy research by concerned researchers. Every individual who undertakes research should know that he has a duty towards society to exercise professionalism and thoroughness in his research endeavors. Given the interest that the replication debate has generated, it will be prudent for respected researchers in this field to guide future discourse regarding the discipline. They could in this respect establish structures that guide publication of research findings especially in popular journals. This will limit undue criticisms especially from uninformed social media commentators who may have no idea about the possible damage they may cause especially among young researchers in this field. With this in mind, the chaff and the wheat, figuratively speaking, will be distinguished with regard to criticism. Conclusion There is no actual crisis of replication in social science research. The major criticisms that have been observed in research findings stem from the proximity it has to human existence. Although all disciplines study human existence in various contexts, none touches the heart of life like social psychology. As such studies in this field will touch on human attitudes and motivations in relation to the social processes like socialization, marriage, work among others. It is clear to all that the nature of these processes keeps mutating based of factors responsible for human progress. It will therefore be unreasonable to expect research findings about motives on work during the historic era to apply in modern times; nature of work has changed and even social structures taken new shapes. With such understanding, it will become obvious that the replication crisis being observed in social psychology is not unique to the discipline but is prevalent across varied disciplines. References Abelson, R. P., Frey, K. P., Gregg, A. P. (2014).Experiments with people: Revelations from social psychology. Psychology Press. Anderson, C. J., Bahnk, ., Barnett-Cowan, M., Bosco, F. A., Chandler, J., Chartier, C. R., ... Della Penna, N. (2016). Response to comment on estimating the reproducibility of psychological science.Science,351(6277), 1037-1037. Bgue, L., Beauvois, J. L., Courbet, D., Oberl, D., Lepage, J., Duke, A. A. (2015). Personality predicts obedience in a Milgram paradigm.Journal of Personality,83(3), 299-306. Brockmann, H., Delhey, J. (Eds.). (2013).Human Happiness and the Pursuit of Maximization: Is More Always Better?. Springer Science Business Media. Cook, B. G. (2014). A call for examining replication and bias in special education research.Remedial and Special Education,35(4), 233-246. Denscombe, M. (2014).The good research guide: for small-scale social research projects. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Jenkins, R. (2014).Social identity. Routledge. Maxwell, S. E., Lau, M. Y., Howard, G. S. (2015). Is psychology suffering from a replication crisis? What does failure to replicate really mean?.American Psychologist,70(6), 487. McDougall, W. (2015).An introduction to social psychology. Psychology Press. Parker, I., Shotter, J. (Eds.). (2015).Deconstructing social psychology(Vol. 21). Psychology Press. Sherif, M. (2015).Group conflict and co-operation: Their social psychology(Vol. 29). Psychology Press. McDougall, W. (2015).An introduction to social psychology. Psychology Press. Smeyers, P., De Ruyter, D. J., Waghid, Y., Strand, T. (2014). Publish yet perish: On the pitfalls of philosophy of education in an age of impact factors.Studies in Philosophy and Education,33(6), 647-666. Smith, E. R., Mackie, D. M., Claypool, H. M. (2014).Social psychology. Psychology Press. Smith, J. A. (Ed.). (2015).Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage. Sorlie, P. D., Sholinsky, P. D., Lauer, M. S. (2015). Reinvestment in Government-Funded Research. Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., DeVault, M. (2015).Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons.

The Frequent Shopper Program Essay Example

The Frequent Shopper Program Paper The Frequent Shopper Program for Kudler fine foods has three last main projects to talk about. These subjects are Quality assurance process and procedures to ensure the functionality and performance requirements are met. Testing procedures to ensure the application is operational at all levels including program, network, systems, and interfaces. The last main project to talk about is Implementation steps and procedures necessary to achieve operational status. After these topics, this will conclude our session for the Frequent Shopper Program for Kudler Fine Foods. Quality Kudler Fine Foods has one important topic to talk about and this is Quality. Kudler Fine Foods initiating for the program in quality to track the shopping habits at the individual shopper’s level. Shopper purchase habits will help Kudler Fine Foods improve their processes. This will also help improve their offerings to best offer the values of all the valued shoppers. Most people are worried about price and not the quality. Price is not the primary differentiating factor for Kudler consumers; these consumers are focused on quality and finding specialized items. Therefore, rather than providing everyday discounts to the customers for their purchase frequency like lower end markets, Kudler has partnered with a loyalty points program to provide customers with points which can be redeemed for high end gift items, airline first-class upgrades, or other specialty foods (Kudler Fine Foods, 2010). Incentive is one of the two frequent shopper programs that Kudler evaluated as a partner for their new program. One of the most impressive features of this system was the software’s ability to create a personalized rewards certificate and provide the customer with a number of rewards choices. We will write a custom essay sample on The Frequent Shopper Program specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Frequent Shopper Program specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Frequent Shopper Program specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Testing Process The testing process that is already in place for the tracking of the cash register accounts, the Frequent Shopper Program for Kudler fine foods combined a couple of great solutions for the tracking system. Just by seeing how the Frequent Shopper Program for Kudler fine foods is combining all their customers’ personal records into just one area. This new software uses this function in a manner that is highly dependable, protected, and convenient. IT staff and any administration that has tasks with the organization must be familiar with the system of this version. This must be confirmed that each every single location is prepared with desktop computers using Windows OS and Internet Explorer with server components written in Java. After this preliminary coding procedure is one hundred percent, Kudler fine foods will perform an exact testing using actual company cards by operating these sales in all three locations. Points awarding will be logged and stored, and the process will be repeated as to establish frequent shoppers during test these phases. Two months of conscientious examination of cash incentives and redeemable store points offered based on test purchases should indicated if the program was a success. Once testing is complete and the numbers add up as intended, installation will be in progress and should only take a certain amount of time with successful tests. Each company will maintain whole documents regarding the system in only certain locations, preferably in computerized and hardcopy layouts. The cashiers will gather all this information, but as the system will be computerized there will not be a need for considerable training. Implementation During any system implementation, there are three features that continuously work in tandem with each other and which must be carefully measured and appraised at various stages of the development. These factors are cost, schedule, and performance for the Frequent Shopper Program for Kudler fine foods. Some of these factors may be worked on while the others may be adaptable. Usually at this same relationship described as cost, schedule, and quality is used instead of performance. If a project team changes any one of these factors, the other two will without doubt be affected as well. The common graphical description of this implementation Is a triangle where each side of the triangle represents one of these factors at each corner? Basically, this means if one corner is missing this wouldn’t form a triangle. Conclusion To conclude our session for the Frequent Shopper Program involved with Kudler Fine Foods, Quality, Testing Process, and Implementation are three major subjects discussed in our organization. References Apollo Group, Inc. (2010). BSA375CourseNotes. pdf. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from http://mycampus. hoenix. edu/secure/resources/resource. asp Apollo Group Inc. (2010). Kudler Fine Foods. Marketing Overview. Retrieved March 1, 2010. BSA/375 – Fundamentals of Business Systems Development. https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/CIST/VOP/Business/Kudler/Sales/KudlerSM001. htm Apollo Group Inc. (2010). Kudler Fine Foods. Information Technology. March 1, 2010. BSA/375 – Fundamentals of Business Systems Development. https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/CIST/VOP/Business/Kudler/IT/KudlerITDatabases001. htm

Free Essays on Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is actually a fairly new idea. This may not seem like any big deal in terms of ethics, but just like any type of scientific advancement there are positives and negatives. Of course the ethical issues don’t stem out of just the fact that this is a new kind of science. It branches off of â€Å"what will this new scientific technology be used for?† For example, Embryonic Stem Cell research. It’s not the research that’s bad it’s how they get the cells. There are half a dozen, maybe more, different places to get the same type of cells without taking the life of that unborn child. The term, Nanotechnology, was first introduced back in the mid 1970’s by a Japanese researcher named Norio Taniguchi to mean â€Å"†¦precision machinery with tolerance of a micrometer or less† (Kilner 55-56). In the 1986 book by Eric Drexler, Engines of Creation, he brought the word and it’s concept in to the public’s thought. In Layman’s terms the basic idea of Nanotechnology is to make little tiny atomic size robots that can be called upon to do whatever we want them to do. Similar to having a little computer and telling it carry out an assigned task like empty the recycle bin, or something of that sort. Or in this case telling the little robot to float around in a persons body and switch out a section of DNA so that the person’s eyes are green instead of brown. Just so we know how small this a strand of DNA is 2.3 nanometers wide or if you divided a meter stick into 1 billion sections it would be 2.3 sections wide. In many of the sciences with Nanotechnology being no exception to the rules the ethical issues are much further behind the actual research that is taking place. For some reason the research of hazards with this technology are also far behind. But isn’t that just typical of scientists? I mean here’s a group of scientists, some of the smartest men in their field of study and they ... Free Essays on Nanotechnology Free Essays on Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is actually a fairly new idea. This may not seem like any big deal in terms of ethics, but just like any type of scientific advancement there are positives and negatives. Of course the ethical issues don’t stem out of just the fact that this is a new kind of science. It branches off of â€Å"what will this new scientific technology be used for?† For example, Embryonic Stem Cell research. It’s not the research that’s bad it’s how they get the cells. There are half a dozen, maybe more, different places to get the same type of cells without taking the life of that unborn child. The term, Nanotechnology, was first introduced back in the mid 1970’s by a Japanese researcher named Norio Taniguchi to mean â€Å"†¦precision machinery with tolerance of a micrometer or less† (Kilner 55-56). In the 1986 book by Eric Drexler, Engines of Creation, he brought the word and it’s concept in to the public’s thought. In Layman’s terms the basic idea of Nanotechnology is to make little tiny atomic size robots that can be called upon to do whatever we want them to do. Similar to having a little computer and telling it carry out an assigned task like empty the recycle bin, or something of that sort. Or in this case telling the little robot to float around in a persons body and switch out a section of DNA so that the person’s eyes are green instead of brown. Just so we know how small this a strand of DNA is 2.3 nanometers wide or if you divided a meter stick into 1 billion sections it would be 2.3 sections wide. In many of the sciences with Nanotechnology being no exception to the rules the ethical issues are much further behind the actual research that is taking place. For some reason the research of hazards with this technology are also far behind. But isn’t that just typical of scientists? I mean here’s a group of scientists, some of the smartest men in their field of study and they ...

The capital punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The capital punishment - Essay Example The capital punishment is retribution; therefore, it should be practiced in the U.S despite claims by that it has no efficacy in deterring crime. The capital punishment is no doubt the most effective way to deter a criminal from committing further crimes since death deprives of human ability. Death penalty puts a stop to a murder’s criminal activity. The cost of taking care of a life sentence convict is much less the cost of the death sentence (Evan Mandery 204). Texas is one of the states that comprise the U.S with an excellent example to the practice of the capital punishment. On 2 July, in the year 2007, legislators in Texas mandated the death penalty for traffic offences among them failure to obey seat belt laws, speeding and driving without a license. This legislation stipulates seizure and sale of offender’s assets by the state to raise revenue for road construction and maintenance following execution. The legislation plays a vital role in raising taxes for the state. The capital punishment is economically significant to the U.S. On a rough approximate the U.S spends $25,000 to maintain a single prisoner. Imprisonment of criminals adds a burden to the U.S budget. The practice of a retroactive application of the capital punishment in the prison system might be the gateway to achieving a cost cut on the government’s expenditure on maintaining criminals. The death punishment is not only effective in deterring crimes but also promoting economic growth (Evan Mandery 368).

Demand and price elasticity of demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Demand and price elasticity of demand - Essay Example In the case of Bordeaux, the consumers had proposed a low wine price. This implies that reducing the price of the wine will make the commodity be more affordable to the consumers (Sheffrin, B. 2003). This would increase the demand of the product thus increasing its supply. Increase in the supply of Bordeaux wine would increase the number of sales. Price elasticity of a commodities demand involves a measure that is used in economies in showing the elasticity responsiveness of the quantity of the product that is demanded towards a change in the product’s price. In this respect, it provides the percentage change of the quantity of the product that is demanded to follow a response to a change in the price. Price elasticity can be considered to be negative despite the fact that analysis would always ignore the negative sign leading to ambiguity (Peters, K. 2006). A positive price elasticity of demand occurs in a case where the products do not satisfy the law of demand. In this resp ect, the demand of the wine would be said to be inelastic when the price elasticity of demand (PED) is below one. This implies that the price changes have a significantly smaller effect on the amount of wine that is demanded. On the other hand, the demand of Bordeaux wine would be said to be elastic whenever the price elasticity of is more than one. This means that the changes in the commodities price would greatly influence the amount of the wine that is demanded. In the case of Bordeaux wine, the demand of the product could be said to be elastic. This is so because the demand of this wine is strongly affected by changes in price. Therefore, increasing the price of the product would reduce the demand of the product where as reducing the price of the product would have an effect of increasing demand of the product (Knugman, R. 2005). It is for this reason that the merchants who were contacted through The Times argue that they could only accept the wine when the price of the wine is reduced to about ?95 in 2008 for the best brands compared with the ?318 in 2007 vintage (Sage, A. & Pavia, W. 2009). These investors argue out that when the price of wine is higher than the proposed one, there would be no customers. This is a clear indication that the demand of Bordeaux wine was elastic. Part B. The amount of the wine demanded is normally a strong component of its price. A case study done to find out the quantity of the wine demanded at various price levels with all the other factors kept constant, would result into the table 1. Table 1. Demand schedule. year price Average price quantity 2002 95 95 170 133 700 2003 192 192 253 223 500 2004 141 145 190 159 600 2005 472 480 622 523 300 2006 450 450 622 536 200 2007 318 318 466 392 400 Graph 1. The graph represents the quantity of the wine that is demanded as the variable that is Independent (x-axis) and the price as the variable that is dependent (y-axis). According to the law of demand the quantity of the product tha t is demanded will always move towards the opposite price direction. This is observed in the graph above through the downward demand curve slope. When one moves along the curve, a change in the price of the wine would result into a change in the quantity that is demanded. Whenever there exists a change in the influencing factor besides price there could be a shift in the demand curve either towards the right or the left,

The three stages of Change Management

The three stages of Change Management We live in the age of change. The implication of this statement, is not that changes only happen in our time, but, is that changes in the recent few decades have been comparatively more frequent and exert relatively major influences on every aspect of human life. In fact, changes command so much attention that, in recent years, the spotlight has been on how to manage change: Change Management. Change management, according to definition from BNET Business Dictionary (n.d.) is the coordination of a structured period of transition from situation A to situation B in order to achieve lasting change within an organization. Change management in the organizational context is the study of change, how to exercise change, how to cope with change and the necessity of change to ensure sustainability. Management of change is a complex subject of study; attention has to be paid in regards to the continuity of change, i.e. there are 2 types of change namely incremental change (minor change, adaptation, modification) and discontinuous change (revolutionary change, transformational change). Organizations experience consistent cycles of change in which periods of incremental change are punctuated by intervals of discontinuous change (Nadler and Tushman 1995, cited in Hayes 2002, p. 5). This cycle is referred to as punctuated equilibrium by Romanelli and Tushman in 1994 (cited in Hayes 2002, p. 5). Academics and scholars have, throughout time, developed various theories on change management. One of the famous thinker in the field of change management, Lewin (1951, cited in Campbell and Craig 2008, p. 512) introduced the force-field model which describes the state of change in an organization as the equilibrium between the force that push for change and the restraining force that struggles to keep the status quo unchanged. Additionally, Kotter (1995, cited in Huczynski and Buchanan 2007, p. 604) proposes 8 steps to organizational transformation: Establish a sense of urgency Form a guiding coalition Create a vision Communicate the vision Empower people to act on the vision Create short-term wins Consolidate improvements to produce further change Institutionalize new approaches Kurt Lewin in 1951 (cited in Kinicki and Kreitner 2008, p. 402) also introduced a 3-stage model for change. What are the 3 stages? Unfreezing: In a nutshell it means that to change, an organization first need to have the desire for change. Organization needs to be unhappy with the old behaviour. Changing: Moving to the desired state of change. Refreezing: Stabilize and normalize the changed state. Mentioned above are few of the theories that students studying Organizational Behaviour will find familiar. Kurt Lewins models for change remain largely applicable even in the 21st century as successful change always depends on striking a balance between change implementation and managing resistance to change. Besides, the 3-stage model correctly illustrated the process of change; the difference now being the increasing speed of the change cycle as organizational environment becomes more volatile. In my humble opinion however, Kotters 8-step model is an over-simplified interpretation of the process of change. The fundamental assumption that change happens in logical sequence and that managers are all rational beings are in themselves impractical as changes often involve unpredictable irregularities and managers do not always follow the book. Realistically, decisions made by managers are seldom rational. When organizations try to put into action change plans, it is almost always certain that the effort will be met with resistance. Resistance to change comes in one form or another. To borrow the words of Fronda and Moriceau (2008), there are 3 forms of resistance: revolt, withdrawal (alienation from work) and discreet resistance (low morale, low productivity and high absenteeism). On resistance towards change, we started off with a rather negative perception in the last paragraph. However, this is not necessarily so, resistance is detrimental only when it is not delicately handled, downplayed or ignored. Waddell and Sohal (1998) in their journal article titled Resistance: a constructive tool for change management states that resistance to change shows that it is nonsensical to assume right away that all change is beneficial; that it is human nature to doubt the outcome of change. Furthermore they argued that resistance to change ensures a balance between organizations desire for change and its practical need of stability and constancy (Waddell and Sohal 1998). The crucial question remained: How can management adopt the right strategy so as to be successful in change initiation? Many people have this huge misconception about the existence of the mythical best strategy for change. In my opinion, it is downright absurd to conclude that there is one best strategy to be used for all change initiatives; each organization is affected by its distinct external and internal factors when implementing change. After a routine of extensive reading, I found the contingency approach to change advocated by Dunphy and Stace (2001, cited in Huczynski and Buchanan, p. 603) most viable. The Dunphy-Stace contingency approach to change implementation The table content outlines the different strategies that managers can employ under different circumstances to implementing changes. Participative change management, despite being touted by a number of academics in the field of change management as the best solutions to change, does not always work. This is because participation and involvement in change process, from formulation to implementation, is extremely time-consuming, even more so when consensus fails to be reached. Thus when organizations are put under situations where the need for change is so critical that it is change or die, managers will be better off exercising decisiveness and dictatorial decision-making. Ideally, however, it is always best to involve employees in planning and carrying out change to minimize resistance and ensure cooperation. My view is echoed in the journal article by Stanleigh (2008) titled Effecting successful change management initiatives, in which he states 6 reasons why change initiatives fail: Not engaging all employees Managing change only at the executive level Telling people they have to change, were in a crisis Sending staffs on a change program and expecting change to occur Not honouring the past Not giving time for staffs to vent first and then change Not to be forgotten is the role of constructive conversation. Efforts to bring about change often fail because the change agent failed to listen. Jabri, Adrian and Boje (2008) in their article comment on change agents: [c]hange agents want to change the organization; indeed, they have been trained to change it. Change agents may even know what the organization needs. Many change agents have been trained to think about how to communicate the change in ways that people will accept it. That training reflects a caring for the audience, even as it limits the audiences participation. The audience is mere spectator to the change, rather than witness to it. In order to change successfully, an effective, two-way communication between managers and employees must be in place. Managers must learn to listen to the voices of the employees because the employees possess hands-on knowledge which might not be readily available to someone in managerial position. Conversation enables the contribution of every employee to be fully appreciated and integrated into the grand plan of change. Summing up my argument in the previous paragraphs, to be able to adopt a clearly defined strategy for the successful initiation of change, management needs to evaluate current situation, the necessity for change, and the urgency for the change. Management then needs to decide on a suitable approach based on the model proposed by Dexter Dunphy and Doug Stace (2001). Whenever possible, managers should maximize stakeholders participation in the change process. Moreover, from planning to implementation of change, managers should never overlook the importance of conversation. The management as the change agent needs to learn to listen. Throughout history we can see a large number of organizations that have made attempts to change. Some of these organizations succeeded; some, unfortunately, failed. By adopting the right strategies, we observe that organizations can manage their change successfully. One recent example is the effort by Dell Inc. to reduce the power consumption of its approximately 50000 computers during non-operational hours. In light of the increasing cost of energy, or more specifically, electricity, Dell Inc. has decided to put into action an overhaul of its power management. To formulate a company-wide power management plan, Jay Taylor, the senior engineer global strategist at Dell, brought together several departments at Dell, including product, facilities management, CTO and IT groups. These stakeholders all contributed their expertise in their respective fields to assist in the planning. By coordinating the skills of its employees in different fields, and pairing this effort with the latest tec hnology, Dell managed to come up with a very efficient power management plan which resulted in 40% reduction in computer-related energy cost, translating to US$ 1.8 million savings annually. The inspiring part of the whole initiative is that Dell managed to implement the power management plan and achieve cost-saving without hampering its day-to-day operation, thanks to its skillful handling of available expertise and effective co-ordinations between stakeholders from different fields. As a conclusion, change management plays an essential role in ensuring organizations survival. To achieve competitive advantage and sustainability in this turbulent period of economy, organization needs to be able to adapt to the external environment rapidly and routinely by constantly learning. It is therefore imperative for leaders and managers alike to have a thorough understanding of the nature, theories and practice of change management.

Multiprotocol Label Switching Networks

IP networks were initially designed with network survivability in a decentralized networking as the central goal. Thus the Internet infrastructures and protocols were intended from the very beginning for this purpose. As the Internet is evolving into a general-purpose communications network, the new realities require the development of new Internet infrastructure to support real-time-sensitive and multimedia applications such as voice over IP and video conference calls (Smith & Collins, 2001).Back in the mid to late 1990s, when most routers were predominantly based on software forwarding rather than hardware forwarding, a number of vendors devised proprietary mechanisms to switch packets far more efficiently than was possible with forwarding based entirely on hop-by-hop longest match IP address lookups. Various aspects of these proprietary mechanisms were effectively merged and developed by the MPLS working groups at the IETF and produced what we know today as MPLS (Edwards, Syngress , McCullough, & Lawson, 2000).MPLS is a key component of the new Internet infrastructure and represents a fundamental extension to the original IP-based Internet with changes to the existing infrastructure (Wang, 2002).Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)MPLS introduces connection orientation and packet switching in IP networks. IP datagrams are forwarded by MPLS routers along pre-established paths, based on a short label. This reduces the amount of routing computations, which are carried out only at the times of setting up new paths. MPLS allows introducing new traffic engineering techniques which apply for connection-oriented networks can be applied to MPLS networks. One of these techniques is dynamic routing.Another important application for MPLS networks is the configuration of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) over a public IP network. The benefit of MPLS for this application is that private IP addresses, which may be not unique, are separated from the world-wide valid public IP addresses used in the public IP network. The separation of addresses is realized by building MPLS tunnels through the public IP network. The MPLS protocol can also be run on ATM networks and frame relay networks. This simplifies the interworking between these networks and IP networks (Smith & Collins, 2001).MPLS connections are well suited to the fast-forwarding (also called switching) of any type of network layer protocol (not just IP), hence the word multiprotocol in the name. it will be widely used for two main types of application:First, it adds controllability of IP networks. As already noted, an IP network is much like a â€Å"free-for-all† highway without traffic control, to use the analogy of a highway system. All the traffic can be crammed onto the highway at once, and each router along the way tries its best to get the traffic through without any guarantee of succeeding, MPLS marks ‘lanes’ with labels for the IP highway, and each packet flow has to foll ow a predefined lane or path. Once the ‘lanes’ are marked, a set of traffic parameters can be associated with each lane to guarantee the service delivery. It reduces randomness and adds controllability to the IP network (Edwards et al., 2000).Second, MPLS adds switching capability to the routing-based IP network. The traditional Internet structure has every router along the way examine the destination address inside a packet and determine the next hop. In a switched network, each switch routes the traffic from the input port to a predetermined output port without examining the contents of each packet. This is also called route once and switch many times, since the packet contents are examined only at the entry of the MPLS network to determine a proper ‘lane’ for the packet. The benefits of this change include speedup of network traffic and network scalability(Smith & Collins, 2001).Summary and ConclusionLabel switching is something that has been significant interest from the Internet community, and significant effort has been made to define a protocol called Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS).MPLS involves the attachment of a short label to a packet in from of the IP header. This effectively is like inserting a new layer between the IP layer and the underlying link layer of the OSI model. The label contains all the information that a router needs to forward a packet. The value of a label may be used to look up the next hop in the path and forward to the next router. The difference between this and standard IP routing is that the match is an exact one and is not a case of looking for the longest match (that is, the match with the longest subnet mask). This enables faster routing decisions within routers (Wang, 2002).The expansion rates for Internet protocol (IP) interchange and users persist to be very remarkable. What once was a technology principally used within the territories of academe and leisure is now being utilized around th e world for conventional commerce submissions, like e-commerce, Web-based industry in the development of the carrier system as service contributors around the world concentrate on optimization and benefit efficiency (Edwards et al., 2000).In many ways, MPLS is as much of a traffic engineering protocol as it is a Quality of Service (QoS) protocol. It is somewhat analogous to the establishment of virtual circuits in ATM and can lead to similar QoS benefits. It helps to provide QoS by helping to better manage traffic. Whether it should be called traffic engineering protocol of QoS protocol hardly matters if the end results is better QoS (Wang, 2002).References:Edwards, M. J., Syngress, R. F., McCullough, A., & Lawson, W. (2000). Building Cisco Remote Access Networks. Rockland, MA: Syngress.Smith, C., & Collins, D. (2001). 3G Wireless Networks. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.Wang, H. H. (2002). Packet Broadband Network Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.

Dutchman – Thematic Analysis Paper

Williams, Jae`da June 19, 2012 ENC 1102 Dutchman Thematic Analysis The phrase â€Å"racial tension† is a small description of the main theme in Dutchman by Amiri Baraka. While race is a vital part of the underlying messages in the play, it stems to a much broader term. In Dutchman Amiri Baraka attempts to grasp the attention of the African American society. Baraka uses Clay’s character to show readers that complete assimilation into another culture is wrong. He wants to awaken the African American men and women in a predominately Caucasian American culture to subconsciously kill the person that is portrayed by Clay in the play.Not only does Baraka want readers and audience members to kill their inner Clay, but refuse to conform to what is known as the â€Å"Average African American man /woman†. The post-thought process that takes place after reading or seeing the play is what triggers the desire to re-evaluate oneself in who they are and how they are portrayed in society. In the article Dutchman Reconsidered by Thaddeus Martin, it is said that Lula’s whimsical and formless personality is Baraka’s way of saying that the freedom of whites is boundless, and Clays â€Å"Puritanical and Victorian† ways shows how blacks are condemned to suffer the furies of that freedom. Martin 62) For example Clay and Lula’s dialogue in scene one: â€Å"Clay: Wow. All these people, so suddenly. They must all come from the same place. Lula:Right. That they do. Clay: Oh? You know about them too? Lula: Oh yeah. About them more than I know about you. Do they frighten you? Clay: Frighten me? Why should they frighten me? Lula: ‘Cause you’re an escaped nigger. Clay: Yeah? Lula: ‘Cause you crawled through the wire and made tracks to my side? Clay: Wire? Lula: Don’t they have wire around plantations? Clay: You must be Jewish. All you can think about is wire.Plantations didn’t have any wire. Plantations were bi g open whitewashed places like heaven, and everybody on ‘em was grooved to be there. Just strummin’ and hummin’ all day. Lula: Yes, yes. † (Baraka 2754) Lula refers to Clay as an escaped nigger because he crawled through the wire and made tracks to her side. Lula’s reason for saying such a statement shows the common assumption that all black people admire white style. With Clay giving such an apathetic response to Lula’s comment, it is an example of the suggested submissiveness to white authority from an African American.This kind of behavior from Clay is used as a reminder to African Americans to idolize the thoughts and ideas of Caucasians. (Martin 62) There is a power struggle between black and white in Dutchman. When Clay was the more dominant character as an African American man he had a sense of confidence and assurance about himself, but once he is killed, his character is seen as the person you don’t want to be. Baraka’s idea is that if you take on the ways of Clay eventually you will end up someone you’re not, losing your true self.On the contrary when Lula was the more dominant person she had a sense of esteem that overpowered Clays. Her overpowering attitude is to symbolize the dominating cultural presence white people have over blacks. Even with all of the sarcastic comments Clay made as comebacks to Lula, her ingenious way of insulting him still left her with the upper hand. Clays laid back attitude toward Lula is admirable, almost as if he looks up to her wanting to be her. Clay’s admiration for Lula did not begin when she stepped on the train but originated in his upbringing.His yearning to fit into the white culture that seemed to be much better off than he was is what established his appreciation for the white society. (Kumar 277-278) At first he tolerates her comments and attempts to take them lightheartedly, because he has hopes at being intimate with Lula. Willing to listen to a white woman strip him of his pride and manhood just for a night of pleasure, Clay is submitting to the dominant character of Lula. In scene two Lula’s insulting comments progress: â€Å"Lula: Uhh! Uhh! Clay! Clay! You middle-class black bastard.Forget your social-working mother for a few seconds and let’s knock stomachs. Clay, you liver-lipped white man. You would-be Christian. You ain’t no nigger, you’re just a dirty white man. Get up. Clay. Dance, with me, Clay. Clay: Lula! Sit down, now. Be cool. † Even through Lula insulted him and spoke badly about his mother clay still responded in an apprehensive way. Lula’s aggressiveness in her speech angers Clay to the point where he curses at her, that is after she calls him an Uncle Tom Wooly Head. (Martin 62)(Kumar 276) At the end of scene one Lula says â€Å"You’re a murderer, Clay, and you know it. (Baraka 2751)This quote could be thought of as a subliminal way of saying that Cla y killed the black man inside of him. All throughout the first scene Lula has the more aggressive and dominant role, but in scene two Clay takes on the more authoritative role, while Lula ends up being the actual murderer at the end of the play. Lula’s plot to kill Clay is in some way foreshadowed when the other passengers board the train and she says â€Å"we’ll pretend that people cannot see you†. (Baraka 2751) Clay tries to defend himself all throughout the play but doesn’t succeed because he can’t defend something that he is not.While Lula is insulting the stereotypes and behavior of black men, Clay cannot fully defend them because he himself isn’t truly â€Å"black†. (Klinkowitz 123-124) Baraka used a sense of satire because instead of directly inputting his opinion about Clay he played off of Lula’s character, which provoked Clay to portray through his actions the person readers don’t want to be. This kind of appro ach causes readers to think about whom they are and their role in society. Dutchman raises the attention of readers black or white and makes each think of who they really are.Even through the personalities of each character, any reader can apply themselves to the situation. With America becoming so diverse in the last decades assimilating ourselves into different cultures has become almost second nature, so adapting to other cultures has not caused us to loose who we really are but to accustom ourselves to change. Baraka didn’t want readers to internally kill the person they were inside, but to do away with the person that they weren’t. Complete and total assimilation into another culture is what Clay did to himself and is what Baraka wants Blacks to not do.Instead, he wants Blacks to never forget who they are, but to not be so narrow minded that they are blind to the world around them. Jae`da WilliamsAnnotated Bibilography Galens, David M. Dutchman-Amiri,Baraka. Drama For Students. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale, 1998. 141-59. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Cengage Learning. Web. 31 May 2012. Electronic Book. Drama for Students gives readers different outlooks on a variety of texts. The approach taken to analyze the piece Dutchman is unique, because instead of offering one theme there are multiple.This allows readers to take it upon themselves to decide what they think about the play. By providing plot summaries it allows readers to take what they thought about the text and apply it to a more condensed version. Drama for Students would work best in a classroom, considering it’s written for students. Since it is written in a form for students to learn and comprehend, it would be no challenge to grasp the concepts presented. This non-complex approach to the play will help the clearness of my research. The direct approach should help anyone who uses this resource.Understanding the background of the play is not difficult, because of the short author biography provided. This makes the Dutchman than just a piece of literature, but rather a piece of the author. Piggford, George. â€Å"Looking into Black Skulls : American Gothic, the Revolutionary Theatre, and Amiri Baraka’s Dutchman. †Ã‚  American Gothic: New Interventions in a National Narrative. Iowa: University of Iowa, 1998. 143-59. EBSCO Host. Web. 30 June 2012. Electronic Book. Piggfords approach in comparing Dutchman to African-American Gothic literature is different from the other resources that I have come across.The social and political events that were taking place while the play was written have a lot to do with Piggfords ideas on the underlying issues Baraka implemented into the play. It is aid that Dutchman marked the end of a certain type of theater, the kind that uses social structures as the gateway to examining the black psyche. This book is very helpful because it not only addresses the things that are usually looked for in a piece of work such as theme, characters motivation, outside influences and the authors influence.The title and the way the text makes others feel is a part of the meaning of the play in its entirety. Martin, Thaddeus. â€Å"Dutchman Reconsidered. †Ã‚  Black American Literature Forum  2nd ser. 11 (1977). Web. 23 May 2012. Online Article. In this review Martin gives an analysis of the characters in Dutchman, mainly Clay and Lula. By using quotes from the text, his ideas about the play seem to have a great amount of relevance and validity. Although the article is short it brings much insight to my research because of its strong argument.It presents an idea, and then runs with it. Martin doesn't waver in what he believes is the message that is in Dutchman. Even though his ideas are similar to other journal reviews, Martin includes more of his opinion rather than relying on past events and political issues that were that were prominent in that time. It's almost as if Martin is taking into considerati on the feelings of the characters of this play. He relates the feelings of average Americans to the characters of the play; this gives a more personal feel to the research. Kumar, Nita. The Logic of Retribution: Amiri Baraka's â€Å"Dutchman†Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  African American Review  37. 2/3 (2003): 271-79. JSTOR. Web. 23 May 2012. Online Article. Nita Kumar's response to the Dutchman is very useful in my research because its examples are from other reviews of the work. This type of literary construction gives Kumar’s work more versatility. It is able to suit different opinions without insulting anyone’s views. In Dutchman, the use of language plays an important role, and Kumar recognizes that. Examining the language used and how it helps the characters feed off of one another is important.This will help anyone who reads the review grasp an understanding on why some things were said and exactly what they mean. Putting her ideas into categories, Kumar’s' review is very well organized which makes it beneficial to my research. The organization of the article makes it a lot easier for readers to follow along and allow time for things to process, which is why it is so ideal for research. Klinkowitz, Jerome. â€Å"LeRoi Jones: Dutchman as Drama. †Ã‚  Negro American Literature Forum  7. 4 (1973): 123-26. JSTOR. Web. 23 May 2012. Online Article.This text offers a great layout of information. Klinkowitz takes pages of text in the play and evaluates it, instead of the entire play as a whole. This approach literally breaks down the quotes and thoughts of the characters. This piece even analyzes the position that LeRoi Jones was in when he wrote the Dutchman. Not only does he break down the pages of the script, but still does not fail to incorporate other writers ideas and opinions in his work, Instead of taking away from the point that Klinkowitz is trying to make, the examples make his writing more relatable and personal.The continual flo w of criticism allows for the author to be very static in his opinions. Just as a teacher would teach their students a lesson, allowing room for opinions and ideas, Klinkowitz allows readers to input their own thoughts and ideas on the play. Works Cited Galens, David M. Dutchman-Amiri,Baraka. Drama For Students. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale, 1998. 141-59. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Cengage Learning. Web. 31 May 2012. Electronic Book. Piggford, George. â€Å"Looking into Black Skulls : American Gothic, the Revolutionary Theatre, and Amiri Baraka’s Dutchman.   American Gothic: New Interventions in a National Narrative. Iowa: University of Iowa, 1998. 143-59. EBSCO Host. Web. 30 June 2012. Electronic Book. Martin, Thaddeus. â€Å"Dutchman Reconsidered. †Ã‚  Black American Literature Forum  2nd ser. 11 (1977). Web. 23 May 2012. Online Article. Kumar, Nita. â€Å"The Logic of Retribution: Amiri Baraka's â€Å"Dutchman†Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  African American Review  37. 2/3 (2003): 271-79. JSTOR. Web. 23 May 2012. Online Article. Klinkowitz, Jerome. â€Å"LeRoi Jones: Dutchman as Drama. †Ã‚  Negro American Literature Forum  7. 4 (1973): 123-26. JSTOR. Web. 23 May 2012. Online Article.

The Ghost in Kenneth Brannaghs Hamlet Essay - 1518 Words

The Ghost in Kenneth Brannaghs Hamlet William Shakespeares Hamlet is a drama which has been renound for its content and depiction of characters. Over the years, it has gone through many variations of interpretations and criticisms. One such criticism is the nature of the ghost who takes the form of Hamlets dead father. At first glance, it may be sufficient to accept the ghost as the spirit of Hamlets dead father who returns to the land of the living in order to have his son avenge his murder. However, looking deeper into the text, several unignorable signs become visible which lead us to see that the ghost is actually the devil in disguise. Kenneth Brannaghs 1997 production of Hamlet brilliantly portrays these signs of evil and†¦show more content†¦This is the first sign that the ghost has come from a place other than heaven. Horatio explains the tradition concerning spirits and the crowing of the cock: The cock, that is the trumpet to the morn, .Awake the god of day, and at his warning, .Th extravagant and erring spirit hies To his confine; and of the truth herein This present object made probation. (I:1:147-155) Then Marcellus adds to this by explaining the tradition concerning the Christmas season. He says that during this time of year, no spirit dare stir abroad because so hallowed and so gracious is that time (I:1:160,163). Because the season has come for the grounds to be sacred and holy, the Devil is cautious in its moments appearance and disappearance. When Hamlet sees the ghost for the first time, the first words out of his mouth are, Angels and ministers of grace defend us (I:4:39). This is the first sign of evil that is sensed through the ghost. The men had no idea what kind of a spirit the ghost was, whether it was sent by heaven or by hell. Horatio then shows his concern, warning Hamlet that the apparition may lead him to a horrible place and change form Which might deprive [Hamlets] sovereignty or reason / And draw [him] into madness (I:4:73-74). This gives us a foreshadowing of the events, which will take place in the play. Later, due to Hamlets heavy load of emotional problems, he is drawn intoShow MoreRelated Comparative Analysis Of The Ghost In Two Hamlet Movies Essay1100 Words   |  5 PagesComparative Analysis Of The Ghost In Two Hamlet Movies The play â€Å"Hamlet, Prince of Denmark†, by William Shakespeare being of such a complicated variety of themes, contains many different story lines as well as being very extensive in nature makes it quite a challenge to be produced and acted. On paper, the reader can translate things, as they like. Since Shakespeare is not around to tell us the meaning of every theme or the truth about every nook and cranny about his works. It is up to theRead MoreHamlet Essay1901 Words   |  8 PagesMarch 2014 The Ghost in Kenneth Brannagh’s Hamlet: A Masterpiece William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a tragedy known for its drama and portrayal of its characters. For many decades, the play has undergone different interpretations as well as criticisms. An important factor of the play that has gone through this criticism is the character of the ghost who appears to be Hamlet’s dead father. After the first encounter between Hamlet and his â€Å"father†, it seems apparent that the ghost is in fact Old